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| 1517 |
| | | The Ottoman sultan, Selim I, captures Cairo and ends Mameluke rule in the middle east | |
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| from 1517 |
| | | From Bosnia to Egypt and Arabia, the Ottoman Turks now rule the largest Muslim empire since the early caliphate - and will frequently use the title of caliph to assert their authority within Sunni Islam | |
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| 1521 |
| | | The Turkish sultan, Suleiman I, marches into the kingdom of Hungary and captures Belgrade | |
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| 1541 |
| | | Suleiman I takes Buda (now Budapest), and by 1547 the Turks occupy almost the whole of Hungary | |
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| 1547 |
| | | Hungary is divided, by agreement between the Turkish sultan Suleiman I and the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand I | |
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| 1557 |
| | | Sinan completes his masterpiece, the mosque of Suleiman I in Istanbul | |
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| 1571 |
| | | Spanish and Venetian galleys defeat the Turks in the battle of Lepanto | |
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| 1574 |
| | | The Ottoman empire finally asserts control over the north African coast, in the footsteps of Muslim pirates | |
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| 1609 |
| | | The Blue Mosque, commissioned by Ahmed I, begins to rise in Istanbul like a twin to the nearby Santa Sophia | |
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| 1768 |
| | | A border incident at Balta, in the southern Ukraine, sparks a war between Russia and Turkey that will last six years | |
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